While the hallmark symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) involve progressive muscle weakness that leads to loss of mobility, its effects extend far beyond physical strength.
Increasingly, researchers and families are recognizing that many children with DMD also experience neurodevelopmental challenges, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
What is ADHD?
ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental condition that affects how the brain regulates attention, activity levels and self-control. It is usually diagnosed in childhood and can continue into adulthood.
Symptoms of ADHD fall into two broad categories:
- Inattention: This includes trouble focusing, being easily distracted, difficulty following instructions or losing things needed for tasks.
- Hyperactivity and impulsivity: This can take the form of fidgeting, restlessness, interrupting others or acting without thinking.
While many children may occasionally struggle with focus or self-control, ADHD symptoms are more severe, persistent and disruptive to daily life. Treatments such as behavioral therapy, educational support and medication can make a significant difference and help families manage the condition.
The connection between DMD and ADHD
The link between DMD and ADHD is all down to the dystrophin gene. In DMD, this gene’s mutation means the body cannot produce functional dystrophin, which is a protein vital for muscle strength and function.
Learn more about DMD causes and risk factors
Dystrophin is also present in the brain, particularly in the regions that control memory, attention and emotional processing. Without dystrophin, these brain circuits may function differently, increasing the risk of ADHD and other neurodevelopmental conditions like autism spectrum disorder or learning difficulties.
Studies estimate that around 18% of children with DMD have ADHD, while 6% have autism and 22% have an intellectual disability.
Not every child with DMD will develop neurodevelopmental conditions, and severity varies widely. Scientists are currently working to understand why some children with DMD develop only muscle symptoms and others face cognitive and behavioral hurdles as well.
The importance of early intervention and support
Early recognition of ADHD in children with DMD is critical, as the sooner children get treatment, the better their outcomes. Behavioral strategies, individualized education plans and, when appropriate, medication can help children stay engaged in school and build confidence.
Support groups can also play a key role in managing the condition by connecting families who face similar challenges.
As therapies for DMD advance, improving life expectancy and quality of life, attention to neurodevelopmental symptoms is becoming even more important. Addressing ADHD helps children not only succeed in the classroom but empowers them to participate more fully in family life, friendships and their own future goals.
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